Progress


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1 The idea of progress in the philosophy of history.
2 Providence and necessity in the theory of progress, the dialectical development of Spirit or matter, conflict as a source of progress.
3 Optimism or meliorism, the doctrine of human perfectibility.
4 Skeptical or pessimistic denials of progress, the golden age as past, the cyclical motion of history, the degeneration of cultures.
5 The idea of progress in the theory of biological evolution.
6 Economic progress.
7 The increase of opulence, the division of labor as a factor in progress.
8 The improvement of the status and conditions of labor, the goals of revolution and reform.
9 Man's progressive conquest of the forces of nature through science and invention.
10 Progress in politics.
11 The invention and improvement of political institutions, the maintenance of political order in relation to progress.
12 The progressive realization of the idea of the state.
13 The growth of political freedom, the achievement of citizenship and civil rights, progress toward an equality of conditions.
14 Forces operating against social progress, emotional opposition to change or novelty, political conservatism.
15 Intellectual or cultural progress, its sources and impediments, the analogy of cultural progress to biological evolution.
16 Progress in the arts.
17 Progress in philosophy and in the sciences.
18 The use and criticism of the intellectual tradition, the sifting of truth from error, the reaction against the authority of the past.
19 Plans for the advancement of learning and the improvement of method in the arts and sciences.
20 Freedom of expression and discussion as indispensable to the progressive discovery of the truth.


All text from the Outlines is Copyright ©1990 Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.; this electronic edition is Copyright© 2005 by Michael R. Lissack and reproduced by permission.