Labor


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1 Labor in human life.
2 The curse of labor, myths of a golden age and the decay of the world.
3 Labor, leisure, and happiness, the servile, political, and contemplative life.
4 The pain of labor and the expiation of sin, the disciplinary and penal use of labor.
5 The social necessity of labor and the moral obligation to work.
6 The honor of work and the virtue of productivity, progress through the invention of.
7 arts for the conquest of nature.
8 The degradation of labor, the alienation of the laborer's work in chattel slavery, serfdom, and industrial wage slavery.
9 The nature of work.
10 The ends of work, the good of the product and the good of the workman.
11 The process of work, the relations of art, hand, machine, and matter.
12 The kinds of work and the relationship of different types of workers.
13 The differentiation of work according to the human talent or ability required, skilled and unskilled labor, manual and mental work, labor and management.
14 The differentiation of work according to the social status of the worker, servile and free, menial and honorable work.
15 The classification of occupations by reference to bodily and mental concomitants of the work, healthy and unhealthy occupations, pleasant and unpleasant tasks.
16 Types of work distinguished by reference to the manner in which the work is done, solitary and group work, the relation of master craftsmen and helpers.
17 Types of work distinguished by reference to their effect on the increase of wealth, productive and nonproductive labor.
18 The differentiation of work in terms of its relation to the common welfare, socially useful and wasteful or superfluous work.
19 The division of labor.
20 The economic causes and effects of the division of labor, its relation to the exchange, production, and distribution of goods and services, its bearing on opulence.
21 The social consequences of the division of labor, the development of classes.
22 The moral aspects of the division of labor, the acquisition of the virtue of art, the attenuation of art by insignificant tasks.
23 The organization of production, the position of labor in different economies.
24 Domestic or chattel slavery in a slave economy.
25 Serfdom or agrarian peonage in a feudal economy.
26 The wage earner or industrial proletariat in a capitalist economy, factors affecting overall employment.
27 The condition of the worker in a socialist economy.
28 The wages of labor, kinds of wage payments.
29 Labor as a commodity, the labor market.
30 The iron law of wages, the subsistence level and the minimum wage.
31 The distinction between real and nominal wages, variable factors affecting wage levels, the effect of wage levels on employment.
32 The natural wages of labor and the labor theory of value.
33 Economic and political justice to the laborer.
34 Fair wages, hours, and working conditions, labor legislation.
35 The right to property, the ownership of the means of production.
36 The consequences of economic inequality or oppression, the class war.
37 The economic determination of antagonistic social classes, slaves versus freemen, laboring versus leisure classes, propertyless versus propertied classes.
38 The organization of workmen and the formation of trade unions to protect labor's rights and interests.
39 The proletariat as a revolutionary class, its revolutionary aims.
40 The underprivileged condition of workers, the exclusion of slaves from citizenship, the disfranchisement of the laboring classes.
41 The problem of poverty and pauperism, unemployment and the right to work.
42 The relation of economic to political freedom, economic democracy.
43 Historical and fictional observations on the condition of labor.


All text from the Outlines is Copyright ©1990 Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.; this electronic edition is Copyright© 2005 by Michael R. Lissack and reproduced by permission.