Evolution


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1 The classification of animals.
2 Comparison of genealogical classification with other types of taxonomy, the phylogenetic series.
3 The criteria for distinguishing races or varieties, species, genera, and all higher taxonomic groupings.
4 The mechanisms of evolution, the science of genetics.
5 Theories of heredity, the structure and function of DNA, the existence of genes, chromosomes as the carriers of genes.
6 The process of heredity.
7 The inheritance of acquired characteristics, the use and disuse of parts.
8 The inheritance and variability of instincts.
9 Interbreeding and crossbreeding, hybridism and sterility, polyploidy.
10 Atavisms and reversions to ancestral type.
11 The sources of organic diversity, mutations.
12 The nature and causes of mutations, changes in gene structure and their occurrence under natural and artificial conditions.
13 The frequency of mutations, marked and abrupt mutations in a single generation as opposed to the continuous accumulation of slight and imperceptible variations.
14 Genetic variation in the course of generations, the genetics of populations.
15 Comparison of variation under conditions of natural and artificial breeding.
16 Characteristics which are more or less variable genetically, their bearing on the distinction of races, species, and genera.
17 Factors influencing the genetics of populations, the interplay of heredity and environment, the emergence of new races and species.
18 The problem of evolution, the origin of plant and animal species.
19 The question of ultimate origins, the creation of primordial life in one or many forms, the original generation of life from inorganic matter, the fundamental unity of all organisms.
20 The fixity or the mutability of species.
21 The origin of new forms of life, special creation, spontaneous generation, or descent with modification from older forms.
22 The direction of evolution, progress and recession.
23 The theory of evolution, the origin of new species from a common ancestry.
24 The struggle for existence, its causes and consequences.
25 Natural selection, the survival of the fittest.
26 The extinction of intermediate varieties.
27 Difficulties with the theory of natural selection, its limitations.
28 Competing in mating, sexual selection.
29 The geographical and physiological isolating mechanisms influencing breeding and race formation, accessibility, fertility, and sterility.
30 The facts of evolution, evidences bearing on the history of life on earth.
31 The geological record, the significance of fossil remains.
32 The geographical distribution of the forms of life in relation to the genealogy of existing species, evidences of adaptation and natural selection.
33 Comparative anatomy and embryology, the meaning of rudimentary or vestigial organs and functions.
34 The origin and development of man.
35 The doctrine of man's special creation, in body, in soul.
36 The theory of the evolutionary origin of man from lower forms of animal life, descent from an ancestor common to man and the anthropoids.
37 Anatomical, physiological, and embryological evidences of an organic affinity between man and other mammalian forms of life.
38 Paleontological evidences, the missing link in man's ancestry.
39 Psychological evidences, the human mind in relation to animal intelligence.
40 Biological evolution in the course of human generation, from prehistoric to historic man.
41 The influence of the theory of evolution upon other disciplines, social Darwinism.


All text from the Outlines is Copyright ©1990 Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.; this electronic edition is Copyright© 2005 by Michael R. Lissack and reproduced by permission.